Variables Affecting the Development and Progression of Precancerous Lesions in the Cameroon Women Population
Published: 2022-12-12
Page: 148-158
Issue: 2022 - Volume 5 [Issue 2]
Embolo Enyegue Elisée Libert *
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Cameroon and Centre for Research on Health and Priority Diseases (CRSPP), Cameroon.
Awalou Halidou
Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Cameroon and Centre for Research on Health and Priority Diseases (CRSPP), Cameroon.
Doh Ndeh Gilbert
Centre for Study and Control of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.
Banai Thomas
The University of Douala, Cameroon.
Bell Eric Michel
Makenene Hospital, Cameroon.
Essola Josiane
The University of Douala, Cameroon and Douala Laquintinie Hospital (HLD), Cameroon.
Medi Sike Christiane
Douala Laquintinie Hospital (HLD), Cameroon and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.
Mouelle Sone Albert
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Cameroon and Oncology Unit, Douala General Hospital, Cameroon.
Ngono Ngane Annie Rosalie
The University of Douala, Cameroon.
Koanga Mogtomo Martin Luther
The University of Douala, Cameroon.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. There are many different types of this virus; some types can cause health problems including genital warts, cervical cells lesions and sometimes cervical cancer. Generally, people can get HPV by having vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has the virus. The objective of this study was to find out what societal factors can encourage HPV infection to progress to carcinogenesis.
Methods: This study covered 1443 women in three Cameroonian regions for cytological studies utilizing the Pap test. Multiplex PCR was used to characterize the presence of the human papilloma virus in positive pap smears. Low risk genotypes were shown to be prevalent in the study's findings (over 15%).
Results: Women under 25 years presented 25% of high-risk genotypes. Genotype HPV 6 and 45 were more prevalent from women with early sexual exposure (before 15 years). HPV 6, HPV 11, and HPV 45, were quite common among women who had at least four sexual partners. When it came to contraceptive techniques, HPV 11 and 62 infections were absolutely absent in women who did not use them. The majority of HPV infection and cervical lesions were seen in women who used an oral contraceptive method plus an intrauterine device. More HPV, especially HPV 61, 45 were identified in smoking women with a frequency of more than 14%. Microbial and fungal infections were also examined according to HPV infections frequency. Candida albicans has been linked to the development of both high and low risk HPV infections. The presence of herpes simplex infection in HPV 6 genotype infection was significant.
Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence that, in addition to papillomavirus infections, additional variables play a role in the transformation of normal epithelial tissue into malignant tissues in cameroonian women. Oral contraceptives, tobacco smoking, parity, number of pregnancies, early sexual sexual exposure, number of sexual partners, and microbial and fungal genital infections such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Herpes simplex, Gardnella vaginalis, and Aspergillus were all investigated as risk factors.
Keywords: Human papillomavirus, molecular epidemiology, risk factors, cervical cancer, Cameroon
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